Projects of Hostpitality and Tourism Management

LA 1
Transportation in Australia

There are many forms of transport in Australia. The country is highly dependent on road transport. There are more than 300 airports with pitched runways. An extensive rail network for passengers connects many rural areas to major metropolitan centers. The mining sector is reliant on rail to transport its product to Australia's ports for export.

Problem Statement

We are mainly focus on the transportation in Australia for tourism industry. If the tourists want to go Australia, we want to give them information about the transportation facilities which they have to take during their stay in Australia. By reading this project, anyone can plan the visit of Australia. We are mainly going to answer the following questions.

How are the transportation facilities in Australia?

How many types of means of transportations available in Australia?

What is the easiest way to travel around the country?

Which one is the cheapest medium of the transportation?

Why transportation of Australia is better or worse?

What are the challenges of transportation in Australia?

Definitions                                            

Travelling Around Australia

You know Australia is a big country, but you may not know how easy it is to get around. The untouched beaches that stretch for miles and deserts that touch the horizon are all within your reach. Want to sail the Whitsundays, cross the continent by car or take a train through the rainforest canopy? Following are the different ways you can explore the vast and diverse country. 

Air

Flying is the best way to cover large distances in a short time. You’ll spend less time travelling and more time on the ground savouring Australia’s can’t-miss landscapes and laid-back lifestyle. Australia’s domestic airlines – Qantas, Jetstar, Virgin Blue, Rex and their subsidiaries - serve all state capital cities and regional centres. Competition amongst domestic airlines means that great fares are available.

                                                     

Drive

Australia has a vast network of well-maintained roads and some of the most beautiful touring routes in the world. Travel from Sydney to Brisbane past sleepy seaside towns and lush hinterland. Experience Australia’s Red Centre in an epic drive across the desert. Or follow Victoria’s Great Ocean Road as it hugs Australia's spectacular south-east coast. You’ll find car rental companies at major airports, central city locations, suburbs and resorts. So hire a car, four wheel drive, caravans or motorbike and hit the highway. 

Driving Laws

Australians drive on the left-hand side of the road, with the steering wheel on the right-hand side of the car. The maximum speed limit in cities and towns is 60km/h and 50km/h in some suburban areas. On country roads and highways, the maximum speed is normally 110km/h. For your safety, drink-driving laws apply, and drivers and passengers must wear seat belts at all times. Motor cyclists and cyclists must wear helmets. An international visitor may drive in Australia on a valid overseas driver’s licence for the same class of vehicle. You should carry both your home licence and international licence when driving.

Bus/Coach

Coach and bus travel in Australia is comfortable, easy and economical. Coaches generally have air conditioning, reading lights, adjustable seats and videos. Services are frequent, affordable and efficient. Australia’s national coach operator, Greyhound, offer passes to fit every budget.

Rail

Train travel is a convenient, affordable and scenic way to explore Australia. Interstate and intra-state rail services connect our cities and regional centres, while cross-country train trips offer a unique insight into Australia’s size and diversity.  Travelling options range from budget to luxury, and a range of rail passes can reduce your costs if you plan to see large sections of the country.

Countrylink trains connect New South Wales destinations and also travel along Australia’s east coast to Melbourne, Brisbane and Canberra.  VLine trains link Melbourne with regional hubs in Victoria, Traveltrain covers Queensland and TransWA criss-crosses Western Australia. 

Australia also has epic rail journeys such as The Ghan and Indian-Pacific, which sweep across the continent, offering comfort and a sense bygone romance. The Indian-Pacific travels between Sydney to Perth, stopping for whistle-stop tours of Broken Hill, Adelaide and gold-rich Kalgoorlie. The legendary Ghan travels between Adelaide and Darwin, taking in Australia’s Red Centre and the tropical Top End.

Metro

Public Transport

All of Australia’s capital cities are served by a wide variety of public transport, including trains, buses, ferries, monorail, light rail and trams.  Taxis charge according to their meter.

Ferries

The Spirit of Tasmania runs a passenger and vehicle ferry service between Melbourne and Tasmania nightly. Extra services are running during summer peak times.  Sealink ferries connect South Australia and Kangaroo Island several times a day.  Ferries connect suburbs in our capital cities – they criss-cross Sydney Harbour, the Swan River in Perth and the Brisbane River in Brisbane.

Walks

Walking is a great way to get around our cities, so get ready to pound our wide, easy-on-the-feet pedestrian streets. You can also  tackle some of the longest tracks and trails in the world in Australia – impressive journeys of a thousand kilometres or more that can take several weeks to complete.

METHODOLOGY

Tourism is an important industry for the Australian economy. In the financial year 2010/11, the tourism industry represented 2.5% of Australia's GDP at a value of approximately A$35 billion to the national economy. This is equivalent to tourism contributing $94.8 million a day to the Australian economy. Domestic tourism is a significant part of the tourism industry, and was responsible for 73% of the total direct tourism GDP.

The 2010-11 financial year saw a record number of overseas arrivals in the financial year, with 5.9 million short-term visitor arrivals to Australia (or 588 extra visitors a day extra). Tourism employed 513,700 people in Australia in 2010-11, of which 43.7% of total tourism employed persons were part-time. Tourism also contributed 8.0% of Australia's total export earnings in 2010-11.

Popular Australian destinations include the coastal cities of Sydney and Melbourne, as well as other high profile destinations including regional Queensland, the Gold Coast and the Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest reef. Uluru and the Australian outback are other popular locations, as is Tasmanian wilderness. The unique Australian wildlife is also another significant point of interest in the country's tourism.

Information Functions

Australian Maritime Safety Authority

Promotes maritime safety and protection of the marine environment, supports safe navigation in Australian waters and provides a national search and rescue service to the maritime and aviation sectors.

Australian Rail Track Corporation

Provides a 'one stop' shop for all operators seeking access to the National interstate rail network.

Australian Transport Safety Bureau

Australia's national transport safety investigator for civil aviation, rail and maritime accidents, incidents and safety deficiencies.
Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics

Provides economic analysis, research and statistics on transport issues and issues affecting regional Australia.

Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development – Transport

Provides programs and services to support Australia's road, rail, maritime and aviation transport systems.

Infrastructure Investment

Provides information on national infrastructure investment programmes providing targeted funding for land transport projects.

National Transport Commission

Inter-governmental agency working to improve the productivity, safety and environmental performance of Australia’s road, rail and intermodal transport systems.

Transport and Infrastructure Council

Aims to achieve a co-ordinated and integrated national transport and infrastructure system that is efficient, safe, sustainable, accessible and competitive.

Transport of dangerous goods

Provides information and links related to the land transport of dangerous goods in Australia.

Transport statistics

The Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics publishes a wide range of transport statistics including aviation, freight, infrastructure, maritime, passenger, rail and road statistics.

Type of Tourists

International Tourists

Country	2000	2005	2010
New Zealand	817.0	1,098.9	1,161.7
United Kingdom	580.4	708.8	646.7
United States	488.1	446.3	472.1
China, People's Republic of	120.3	285.0	453.7
Japan	721.0	685.3	398.2
Singapore	285.7	266.1	308.0
Malaysia	152.1	166.0	237.0
South Korea	157.4	250.5	214.1
Hong Kong	154.1	159.5	163.9
Germany	143.3	146.5	160.4
All other countries	1,312.0	1,286.2	1,669.3
Total	4,931.4	5,499.1	5,885.1
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Monthly visitor departures, by state where they spent the most time, since 1991. New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria are the top three states for visitor numbers.

New Zealand tourists make up a distinctive part of the Australian tourism market, usually taking short package tours which concentrate heavily on the iconic sights (typically Sydney, Uluru, Gold Coast and Cairns), and viewing Australian native animals (particularly the koala and kangaroo).

Backpackers

Another major source of tourists to Australia include backpackers, mostly young people from Western European countries (particularly Britain) and North America. Spending more time in Australia, these travelers tend to explore considerably more of the country. Many backpackers participate in working holidays enabling them to stay longer in the country. Working holiday visas for Australia are available for those aged 18 to 30 for most Western Europeancitizens, and also citizens of Canada and some developed East Asian nations such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan andSouth Korea.

Domestic tourism

The domestic tourism market is estimated to valued at $63 billion. In 2009, the Australian domestic market experienced a 10% slump in the number of visitor nights. Domestic tourism in general and in particular free caravan and camping sites for overnight accommodation experienced strong demand in 2012.

Australians are big domestic travellers, with a profusion of seaside resort towns in every state (many located on or near good surfing beaches), mountain retreats, plentiful national parks, rivers, fishing locations, wine growing regions, as well as domestic visitation of the major tourist spots. Domestic tourism peaks during the Australian school holidays.

Challenges for Transportation in Australia

The environmental impact of transport is significant because it is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission ofcarbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector. By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.

Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicles emission; however, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and more use of each vehicle. Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles considerably have been studied. Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport, and increase transport electrification and energy efficiency.

Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth's air quality, acid rain, smog and climate change.

The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern. A recent survey of the studies on the effect of traffic emissions on pregnancy outcomes has linked exposure to emissions to adverse effects on gestational duration and possibly also intrauterine growth

Australia is currently facing challenges in maintaining competitiveness on an international level, securing long term economic growth and providing transport in an increasingly environmentally conscientious world. Among the issues facing Australian transport are:

1.    Clogged air ways; with over 2.5 million passengers filling one of the busiest corridors in the world, running to both Sydney and Melbourne, Australia is in desperate need of an environmentally friendly and efficient alternative. A high speed rail system, operating at low cost, low emission and high speed would reduce the number of vehicles needed in the air, and give Australia the solution it needs.

2.     Output; per capita Australia pours out one of the highest levels of carbon into the atmosphere in the world. Car travel alone contributes 87% of all transport carbon, and this is a figure that needs to be addressed with an effective national strategy of alternative transportation. By reducing the number of vehicles on the road, a HSR system would be a big part of the solution to this problem.

3.    Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions by transport

Transport uses a large amount of energy, with some 970 petajoules (PJ) (a petajoule is 10¹⁵ joules) used in 1994-95. The key transport energy users are household passenger vehicles (525.3 PJ), air transport (162.7 PJ), commercial road transport (125.7 PJ) and water transport (62.2 PJ) (ABS 2001a). The energy used and emissions caused by the consumption of almost 25,000 million litres of fuel by motor vehicles in 2000 are considerable.

Energy is sourced primarily from non-renewable fossil fuels, an environmentally unfriendly source of energy. The use of fossil fuels for energy contributed significant amounts to Australia's GHG. Australia contributed a small amount of emissions in a global sense, but is one of the highest per capita contributors. Transport contributed just under 15% of Australia's total GHG for 2000 (AGO 2002).

In 1997, Australia had very high levels of transport-related emissions per capita, with 4,183 kg of carbon dioxide (CO₂) released per person by transport (table S23.1). Australia produces 1.5% of global transport-related CO₂, but it produces twice the per capita average for Europe (as calculated by the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)), and over four and a half times the world average. However, Australia is not unique in its high per capita emissions; the United States of America, Canada and New Zealand have high levels of emissions as well.


Overview

Value to the Economy

Tourism in Australia is a large sector of the economy. In 2003/04, the tourism industry represented 3.9% of Australia's GDP at a value of approximately A$32 billion to the national economy. It should be noted that tourism's share of GDP has been slightly decreasing over recent years.
In 2004-05, international visitors consumed AUD$18.3 billion worth of goods and services produced by the Australian economy. This represented 11.1% of total exports of goods and services.
Australia was also the received the 10th biggest revenue from being a tourist destination in 2002,2003 and 2004.

Trends

At least until September 2001, tourism and particularly international tourism had grown rapidly for the past two decades.
During 2001–2002 and 2002–2003, external events such as the September 11, 2001 attacks and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) scare caused changes to the level of international visitors to Australia.

Visas
All visitors to Australia, apart from New Zealanders, require advance permission to enter the country. For most countries, a full visa is required, but holders of certain passports from some OECD and some East Asian countries are able to apply for the simpler Electronic Travel Authority which enables one to apply and be granted a visa.

Marketing
Australia's international tourism campaigns have largely centred around the image of Australia as a wild, expansive, almost uninhabited continent, with all manner of exotic scenery and wildlife, endless beaches, large coastal cities and friendly, relaxed locals. A famous advertising campaign of the 1980s featuring Paul Hogan offering American tourists the chance to "throw another shrimp on the barbie" serves as an example of this marketing approach. (Ironically, this statement is a misquote; Hogan's actual line was "I'll slip an extra shrimp on the barbie for you.")
The marketing focus has changed over the years, for example with specific advertisements created for individual countries. A 2006 Tourism campaign using Australian colloquialisms was typified with the slogan: "So where the bloody hell are you?"

Popular destinations

Tourism Australia lists the following as the most visited regions in Australia:
Sydney, includes sights such as Sydney Opera House, Sydney Harbour Bridge and Bondi Beach.
Melbourne
Brisbane
Far North Queensland including Cairns, known as the gateway to the Great Barrier Reef andDaintree Rainforest
Gold Coast, famous for its beaches and theme parks
Perth, Western Australia
Adelaide
Sunshine Coast, Queensland
Uluru (Ayers Rock) and surroundings such as Kata Tjuta
Whitsundays, Queensland

Security

An Agreement on Surface Transport Security between The Commonwealth of Australia, The State of New South Wales, The State of Victoria, The State of Queensland, The State of Western Australia, The State of South Australia, The State of Tasmania and The Australian Capital Territory

This agreement is made on the third day of June 2005.

The Commonwealth of Australia; and

The State of New South Wales; and

The State of Victoria; and

The State of Queensland; and                                                     

The State of Western Australia; and

The State of South Australia; and

The State of Tasmania; and

The Australian Capital Territory.

1. Background

1.1 This Agreement is intended to complement and should be considered alongside the Intergovernmental Agreement on Australia’s Counter-Terrorism Arrangements which sets out a high-level strategy to prevent and deal with acts of terrorism in Australia.

1.2 Recent world events have heightened awareness of security issues.  They have also focussed attention on the need to better secure the community and nationally-important surface transport systems from the significant economic and social damage that could occur following a terrorist attack or other forms of unlawful interference with surface transport.

1.3 The bombing of trains in suburban Madrid on 11 March 2004 highlighted the capability and intent of terrorists to attack surface-based passenger transport systems.

1.4 The Council of Australian Governments endorsed the development of this Agreement following recommendations from the Australian Transport Council and the National Counter-Terrorism Committee.

1.5 The Agreement is necessary because achieving sound surface transport security outcomes requires whole-of-government cooperation within jurisdictions, national coordination across jurisdictions, and the support and cooperation of surface transport operators and the community.

1.6 Governments play a significant role in surface transport security, including as:

1.    planners and developers of surface transport systems;

2.    investors in the surface transport sector; and

3.    regulators of the surface transport sector.

Transport Ministers in conjunction with First Ministers and other responsible Ministers are accountable for surface transport security outcomes.

1.7 Some surface transport assets or systems have been identified as nationally or state significant critical infrastructure.  As a result, this Agreement takes into account the National Guidelines for Protecting Critical Infrastructure from Terrorism.

2. Objectives

2.1 Acknowledging that:

1.    the surface transport system is a potential target for terrorist activities or other unlawful acts because:-

a.    large numbers of people are often concentrated in a predictable manner,

b.    vehicles can be used as weapons or to transport weapons,

c.    goods or materials that could potentially cause widespread damage and therefore may be sought for terrorist purposes are carried by the surface transport system; and

2.    a terrorist attack on the surface transport system may result in considerable injury and death as well as significant economic and social impact on Australian society and Australian interests.

2.2 This Agreement aims to put in place arrangements to protect the community and the surface transport system by:

1.    reducing the likelihood that the surface transport system will be a target for terrorism and other security threats; 

2.    increasing the implementation of nationally-consistent protective security planning and preventative measures in the surface transport system; and

3.    helping the surface transport sector across Australia to consistently and more effectively move to higher levels of alert when required.

3. Agreement

The parties agree to the following:

Purpose

3.1 The purpose of this Agreement is to formalise cooperation between Australian governments on preventative surface transport security and to provide a mechanism to:

1.    enable a nationally-consistent approach to surface transport security to reduce the possibility of terrorist acts on surface transport in Australia;

2.    minimise the possibility that a terrorist act will be displaced from one jurisdiction to another jurisdiction with a lower level of security preparedness;

3.    enable effective use of materials, expertise and information across Australia;

4.    allow a common framework to be presented to surface transport operators across Australia;

5.    ensure there is minimal disruption to trade and passenger movement resulting from different security requirements across different modes and between different jurisdictions;

6.    ensure that public and operator confidence in nationally-consistent surface transport security systems is maximised; and

7.    help retain investor confidence in the security of surface transport systems.

Roles and Responsibilities

3.2 Acknowledging that primary responsibility for surface transport security lies with the states and territories, the parties recognise the following roles and responsibilities:

Commonwealth

3.2.1 The Commonwealth will:

1.    provide strategic leadership, guidelines and coordination in agreement with states and territories to develop a national approach to preventative surface transport security;

2.    develop, with state and territory governments and private surface transport operators, guidance and other material to help implement nationally‑consistent preventative security measures for surface transport;

3.    engage with national transport industry bodies to ensure that national transport security arrangements are developed with national industry perspectives in mind and receive due attention by industry decision-makers;

4.    support, in consultation with state and territory government officials, transport sector fora established under critical infrastructure protection arrangements to allow for the sharing of information between transport owners and operators;

5.    in relation to surface transport services owned by the Commonwealth, ensure that, consistent with the National Guidelines for Protecting Critical Infrastructure from Terrorism, the following activities are undertaken:-

a.    security risk assessments are conducted in accordance with the accredited risk management standard set by Standards Australia,

b.    security plans are developed incorporating measures that correspond to the four levels of National Counter-Terrorism Alert (Low; Medium; High; and Extreme), and

c.    appropriate preventative security measures are implemented and are tested, reviewed and updated on a regular basis;

6.    in relation to intelligence and related information:-

a.    communicate relevant intelligence including strategic threat assessments and other surface transport security information to the states and territories, and

b.    work cooperatively with state and territory officials to communicate strategic threat assessment material and its policy and planning implications to the surface transport industry;

7.    advise state and territory governments on information related to incidents and suspicious activity that would help the development of surface transport security intelligence; and

8.    ensure that the Commonwealth’s response arrangements are in place in accordance with the National Counter-Terrorism Plan and conduct or participate in exercises involving surface transport security scenarios on an ongoing basis.

Problems

Australia has long suffered from the 'tyranny of distance' due to its geographical location and size. Australia's pattern of human settlement is characterised by high rates of urbanisation, low density cities and a high population density within 50 km of the coast. In particular, there is high population density on the south-east and east coasts between Adelaide and Cairns and on the west coast south of Perth (Newton et al. 2001). This population distribution, along with the dispersed locations of its agricultural, mining and production centres, underlies Australia's heavy reliance on transport.

The environmental impacts of transport are diverse. Most attention is focused on the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) associated with transport use. Indeed, emissions are one of the furthest reaching impacts of transport, as they impact on the global environment, whereas other impacts are more localised. Fuel use is closely associated with transport emissions. Much of Australia's fuel is from non-renewable sources, and there is concern that current technology for powering transport systems may be unsustainable in the long-term. The fuels used produce many of the emissions affecting the environment. Managing the use of fuels is a key part of minimising transport's impact on the environment.

This article discusses the environmental impacts directly associated with transport and the transport industry. Topics covered include the use of energy and GHG by the transport system, and the impact of transport on wildlife, biodiversity and aquatic environments. There are many indirect impacts of transport, such as air pollution and related illnesses, the reduced livability of urban environments and the environmental impacts of the materials used by the transport system. These impacts are theoretical and difficult to quantify, and it is beyond the scope of this article to discuss them in depth.

It's a sad reality that Australia loses an average of around 200 people on WA roads every year. The government is determined to change that. They're fighting to make changes that will make a big difference to the number of people killed and injured on our roads.

A majority of crashes are caused by deliberate driver choices, but we know some roads and roadsides can contribute to deaths and serious injuries.

Road safety is concerned with reducing the number of deaths and injuries sustained on WA roads and roadsides each year.

Conclusion

Overall, Australia has a good transportation system for tourists whoever want to go to enjoy with beautiful beaches. The modern means of transportation such as airplanes, trains, buses, ships etc. are available there to travel around the country which access your destinations on time wherever you want to go.

Though there are still some issues to be addressed about environmental aspects but Australia is alone able for that. Bullet Train for Australia is an Australian political party, registered in 2013. It is a single-issue party campaigning for a fast implementation of high-speed rail. It advocates that the first stage of the bullet train should run from Melbourne to Newcastle via Canberra and Sydney, and be built within 5 years.

The party grew out of the Bullet Train for Canberra party lead by Tim Bohm, which at the 2012 ACT elections gained around 9,000 votes, representing 4% of first preference votes. The party had 18 candidates in the 2013 federal election, in the ACT, NSW and Victoria.

Australia is lucky to have a strong economy in WA, and that contributes to its growing population. By the end of this decade, they predict there will be more than one million extra motorised vehicles on their roads. That means a lot more traffic, so a lot more planning is needed.

Traffic congestion is increasing - so they're taking action to help everyone in WA move around safely and easily. There's no one quick fix but some of the things they need in WA include:

·         More investment in their road networks

·         More investment in their public transport

·         Better facilities and infrastructure for their cyclists

·         A well-planned city so people don't always need to travel so far to get to work or use the services they need

Links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Australia

http://www.australia.com/plan/while-your-here/getting-around.aspx

http://alga.asn.au/?ID=240

http://australia.gov.au/topics/transport

https://www.coag.gov.au/node/48

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Train_for_Australia

http://worldtourism4u.blogspot.dk/2007/08/tourism-in-australia.html

References

1.    Urban Australia: Where most of us live. CSIRO. Retrieved on 15 July 2012.

2.   Jump up^ "Transport in Australia". iRAP. Retrieved 2009-02-17.

3.   Jump up^ CIA world fact book.

4.   Jump up^ Use of urban public transport in Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved on 15 July 2012.

5.   Business events Australia

6.   Australian government association

7.   Australian government

8.   Council of Australian governments

9.  Australian Electoral Commission: "Register of Political Parties", retrieved 3 September 2013
10. World Tourism

LA 2

Q.1

·         The main focus areas of Danske Bank are advisory services and solutions, customer interactions, transparency and financial strength and responsibility.

·         Danske Bank is organized in three business units – personal Banking, Business Banking and Corporates and Institutions – that span all of the Group's  geographical markets.

·         Danske eBanking makes your day more flexible because you can go to the bank whenever it suits you because it has Danske ebanking.

·         Downloading Danske Bank MobilePlay app, you don't need cash – paying and receiving money is as simple as sending a text from your smartphones.

Q.2

Some external factors which contribute to change the strategy of Danske Bank:

·         Future need for liquidity

·         Future cash flow

·         Relations between assets and liabilities

·         Bank's risk profile

·         Time horizon

·         How your business will be financed

Q.3

·         The relationship between the bank and banking customers becomes  more sounder because of the flexible 1digital solutions, their daily lives become more easier.

·         As a bank, the bank's personnel have a big responsibility, not only to their customers but also to society, to contribute to a financial stability and the economy

·         They have an obligation to look after  money – both their customers and their own.

·         Danske Bank is the largest bank in Denmark and a leading player in the northern European financial markets.

·         It is the most trusted financial partner in Denmark.

The main goal of the bank is setting new standards in financial services.

Links

·         http://danskebank.com/

·         https://www.danskebank.dk

·         https://www.danskebank.com/en-uk/careers/professionals/Banking/Personal-banking/Pages/Personal-banking.aspx

·         http://danskebank.com/en-uk/About-us/strategy/Pages/Responsibility.aspx

LA3

Business Model

Hjerl Hede

Hjerl Hede

Introduction

Hjerl Hede is a museum at Vinderup in Hoslstebro in Jutland which was founded in 1930. The museum shows how a typical Danish village developed from the 1500s to around 1900s and a Stone Age settlement. The most of the area where the museum is located was in 1910 bought by Hans Peter Hjerl Hansen and is named after him. The museum was run as a private museum of Hjerl Fund until 1979, after which it became a self governing, cultural museum.

Hjerl Hede’s Open-Air Museum is an officially recognized privately founded theme-specific museum for cultural history. The museum was founded in 1930 by director H. P. Hjerl Hansen and was run by the Hjerl-foundation until 1979 after which the museum was separated from the foundation as a self-owned institution.

The museum consists of the Old Village, the Jutlandic Forestry Museum, and the Museum for Peat production. More than 50 different buildings can be seen at Hjerl Hede’s Open-Air Museum, showing the style of building and furnishing in the rural areas, as well as showing a number of elements which are characteristic for the surroundings of an old Danish village. Among these are the rural craftsmanship.

In the middle of the old village lies the village pond surrounded by farms, a blacksmith, a tavern, a school, a vicarage, a church, and a mill. Among the buildings you will find “Vinkelgården” – which is Denmark’s oldest farm. All farms and houses within the old village are furnished with furniture, kitchen, and textile from the old village societies. In order to show a varying and lively picture of the old Danish village communities, gardens which are characteristic of the period have been laid out at each building. The buildings’ surroundings have been recreated with fields, folds, dunghills, hen houses, and wells. The museum has a large livestock of old Danish breeds, like grey pied cattle, Danish sheep, Danish geese, turkeys, black-brindled (piebald) pigs, goats, and horses which are all a natural and original element in the village.

The Forestry Museum and the Museum for Peat Production illustrate humans’ utilisation of these two landscape types. In the Forestry Museum you can follow the path of the trees, from sprouting in the nursery to the processing of the large logs in the steam-sawmill. The Museum for Peat production shows how the peat mass was transformed into kneaded peat two generations ago. The kneaded peat was used as solid fuel in areas with hardly any trees.

The first living-history event ever was carried out at Hjerl Hede in 1932. Since then it has been developed and improved and today our living-history events are the most comprehensive that any museum can present.

At the museum you meet the master artisan in his workshop. The museum has a long tradition of exhibiting our old village crafts. During the living-history events the workshops are manned and you are invited to see the artisans in their authentic surroundings. The collection comprises a coach builder’s shop, a cooperage, a ropewalk house, a shoemaker’s shop, a clogmaker’s shop, a turner’s shop and a blacksmith’s shop.

In addition you can watch how the carpenter cut his timber and laths with an axe and how he sawed his planks with a handsaw. Hjerl Hede has also taken on thethe task of training new craftsmen in shop that have nearly died out. Recently we have trained a cooper, who is now a member of the permanent staff of artisans at the museum and has also begun the training of a new coach bulder. A number of handmade products and high-quality souvenirs are sold at the museum store.

Key partners

Specially, schools, universities, teachers, students, researchers and visitors are the key partners of this museum. Students and researchers come here to study about the history about the old age and other visitors come here to have some fun enjoying inside the open air museum.

Activities

Fun for children

Hjerl Hede offers lots of fun and exciting activities for children during the summer holidays, when the museum is brought to life.

The old school
Buy a school package at the visitors’ centre and experience what it was like to go to school in the old days. The school package costs 30 kroner and contains an ABC book and a slate pencil.

When you arrive at the school, the teacher will be waiting outside. Before class can begin, you must put on a scarf or cap - and clogs, of course. Then all the school children form two lines and enter the classroom. Here you will be taught Bible stories, arithmetic, reading and writing. Beware - the teacher may be a little stern! During the break you will play old games.

Historical playroom

Play with history in the old vicarage, which is laid out with a cowshed, a corridor and a living room with a child-sized kitchen. You can dress up, cook at the small wood-burning stove and serve the food at the refectory table. You can even have a nap in the alcove. You can also play old games in the historical playroom.

Next to the historical playroom there is an activity room, where you can try your hand at chores from the old days. Among other things, you can card wool and spin yarn.

Historical playground

Walk on stilts or ride a penny farthing (old-fashioned bike), pull the chickens down or challenge your family to a game of throwing boots. There are loads of old and fun playthings from your great-grandfather’s days on the historical playground.

The Stone Age settlement

Help the Stone Age people grind corn into flour or make your own Stone Age trinkets out of shells.

Activities

Around the museum, there is a play route where the whole family can try many good old games from great-grandmothers time. In the Visitor center you can try newer games.
You get a scorecard at the entrance. So you can fight against each other in the old and new games. 

There are many things, which you can experience:                                 

•               Roll hoop

•               Threw horseshoes

•               Play marbles

•               Sack race

•               Play hopscotch

•               Song games

•              “Ponystick”

•              “You’re getting close

•               Jump in elastic

And many other games
 

Hops party

There is hops party at the vicarage Saturday the 18^th and Sunday the 19^th of October from 11am to 4pm.

•               Experience beer brewery

•               History about the beer

•               Taste beer

•               The hops are picked and sorted

Honey and Harvest

During the summer the bees work frantically to gather nectar for their winter supply. Beekeeping and production of honey is an old craft, which is still practised. Watch the process close up as the Salling-Fjends Beekeepers’ Association explain about beekeeping and demonstrate how honey is made. You will also get a chance to taste the freshly extracted honey.

The bees are not the only ones, who are busy at summertime. In the old village at Hjerl Hede, the houses and workshops come to life with children and adults who demonstrate handicraft, daily chores and customs from the 18th and 19th century.

The farmers have to bring the harvest in to the barn. Come and follow the hard work in the fields, everything by the hand.

Hjerl Hede Nature Race

The Open-Air Museum Hjerl Hede is part of a unique landscape with heath, oak thickets and lakes. As a participant in the Hjerl Hede Nature Race you will get the opportunity to run on small paths and forest roads in the most beautiful surroundings.

Whether you want to run a short distance or perhaps a half, full or double marathon, the start and finish lines are situated in the old, idyllic village at the Open-Air Museum Hjerl Hede.

Prices and Opening Hours

MONTH	OPEN	OPENING HOURS
April	1.- 30.	10-16
May	1.- 31.	10-16
June	1.- 26.	10-16
June	27.- 30.	10-18
July	1.-31.	10-18
August	1.-9.	10-18
August	10.- 31.	10-16
September	1.- 30.	10-16
October	1.- 18.	10-16
November	28.-29.	10-17.30
December	5.- 6. / 12.- 13.	10-17.30
Children under 18 years old – Free entry Dogs are welcome - Free entry
Pris /Price / Preis:
Adult                          70,-  Pensionist/students     55,-
Adult in high season                               150,- Pensionist/students In highseason           120,-     Season ticket from April until December   200,-

Museum Shop

In the nice museum shop you can BUY arts and crafts, home textiles and much more.

The museum shop at Hjerl Hede lies in the visitors’ centre. The nostalgia of the heath also dominates the shop, where you can find lots of nice items, such as:

• books

• natural body care products

• Glass art

• arts and crafts

• home textiles

• yarn

• pottery

• cooperage

• clogs

• trinkets

Old-fashioned toys

Also available in the museum shop are a NUMBER of old-fashioned toys for children and playful adults. You will be almost guaranteed to find something you haven’t seen before or something you remember from your childhood years.

Sweet and savoury

On the shelves in the museum shop you will also find old-fashioned boiled sweets, liquorice and rock sugar. You can also buy Danish honey, delicious jams, strong, old-fashioned mustard, Hjerl Hede schnapps, mead and “Diy schnapps”.

Take a piece of history home with you

Also available in the shop are goods produced from some of the materials used in the old days. For instance, you may find goods out of cow’s horn, bog-wood and wood, as well as reed shoes, wicker baskets, yarn and various history books.

Value Proposition

Customer’s satisfaction is the core value of the museum. People from different fields go there to experience how a typical village developed over the period of time. The museum has to give maximum satisfaction and impression to the customers because if the museum can give the maximum satisfaction, the customers come time and again. As we all know first impression is the last impression. They don´t feel any difficulties while they are in the museum.

Showing the old buildings and old type of furnishings, the customers get to know how our past was. So, we definitely try to take them to the past and experience about them. We hope they get some knowledge about the past during the visit of our museum. For now, the museum try to cover different sectors in the past and has to cover still more elements about the past.

Museum should be for all. It doesn´t have to focus on a specific customers. But I think it is very useful for students, children and researchers. So, the museum should give them some priority. Why I am telling is that they don´t work. They depend on others. So, they don´t have money to spend. In this reason, the museum has to give some discount on entry for them.

Customer Relationship

The relationship between the customers and the company always has to be sound. The museum has to feel them a good impression. For example, the customers are satisfied once; the customers want to come time and again. Customers are like guests in our houses. They have to be treated like that way. Actually, they want like that behavior from you as well. Customers are like gods. You must know how to worship them. The museum always has to seek for mutual respect and benefit from each other. If the museum can´t do that, the customers stop coming from tomorrow. So, the mutual satisfaction counts much for that.

We all know that customer satisfaction is vital to the success of any business. In a recent article in The McKinsey Quarterly Marc Beaujean, Jonathan Davidson and Stacey Madge point out the proven fact that retaining customers costs less than the costs of acquiring new ones. In order to reveal the mystery of how to keep customers satisfied, we must also be knowledgeable about the drivers of our employees’ behavior. Why? Because as Guy Herrington and Wendy Lomax point out in an article describing the results of their study on employee and customer satisfaction, the two are intimately related. According to their research and the research of many others, there is a direct relationship between employee job satisfaction and a customer’s repurchase intention.

This should not surprise anyone since most of us are both simultaneously someone’s employee as well as the customer of many other businesses. All we need to do is think about our own experiences to find examples of the importance of the relationship between employees and customers. Have you ever had a job you were very dissatisfied with? If so, how did it affect your attitude and your job performance? If you had direct contact with customers, how did it affect the way you interacted with them? And as a customer have you ever interacted with an employee that obviously did not like their job? Not only can their nonverbal behavior let you know that they do not want to be doing their job, but sometimes they will tell you directly!

Nothing has a bigger impact on your company’s profitability than customer satisfaction. Every increase in your satisfaction rating translates directly into larger and more frequent orders, and positive word of mouth attracts even more customers. The best way to measure customer satisfaction and to discover how to improve customer satisfaction is by using customer satisfaction surveyHYPERLINK "http://www.nbrii.com/customer-survey-white-papers/measuring-and-managing-customer-satisfaction/"s. Improving customer satisfaction requires three simple steps.

The chain of businesses or intermediaries through which a good or service passes until it reaches the end consumer. A distribution channel can include wholesalers, retailers, distributors and even the internet. Channels are broken into direct and indirect forms, with a "direct" channel allowing the consumer to buy the good from the manufacturer and an "indirect" channel allowing the consumer to buy the good from a wholesaler. Direct channels are considered "shorter" than "indirect" ones.

A distribution channel is the chain of individuals and organizations involved in getting a product or service from the producer to the consumer. Distribution channels are also known as marketing channels or marketing distribution channels. 

In this context, the individuals and organizations are known as intermediaries, channels are categorized according to the number of intermediaries between the producer and the end user. A direct marketing channel, for example, which has no intermediaries between producer and the customer, know as a level zero channel. A distribution channel that has a single intermediary is known as a level one channel. Level three higher distribution channels and distributors or wholesalers. The distribution channel is further broken down into component channels, such as the sales, product and sevice channels, each of which may consist of several intermediaries.There are many factors to consider when selecting the appropriate distribution channel for a given product or service. A channel strategy is the plan a producer develops for distribution.

	Producer
							Retailer				Customer

 

First of all, talking about the preset market scenario, first of all, producer produces the products. Then, wholesaler or dealer takes those products and distributes to the retailers. Finally, retailers deal with the customers. In this way, the product is brought up to the customers.

I think most reliable and easiest way for now is online shopping because we don’t have to go anywhere to fetch products because that is very complicated. These days, online shopping is very famous because products are brought according to your address. You can order anything sitting in your room.

Cost Structure

I think cost must be affordable so that every customer can afford that. For the museum it matters a lot because everybody wants to go to the museum but if the cost is hight, everyone can´t afford that cost. In the same way, if the cost is low, the museum won´t take the staffs. So, cost should be reasonable.

In production, research, retail, and accounting, a cost is the value of money that has been used up to produce something, and hence is not available for use anymore. In business, the be one of acquisition, in which case the amount of money expended to acquire it is counted as cost. In this case, money is the input that is gone in order to acquire the thing. This acquisition cost may be the sum of the cost of production as incurred by the original producer, and further costs of transaction as incurred by the acquirer over and above the price paid to the producer. Usually, the price also includes a mark-up for profit over the cost of production.

More generalized in the field of economics, cost is a metric that is totaling up as a result of a process or as a differential for the result of a decision. Hence cost is the metric used in the standard modeling paradigm appled to economic processes.

Costs (pl.) are often further described based on their timing or their applicability.

Cost accounting is a process of collecting, analyzing, summarizing and evaluating various alternative courses of action. Its goal is to advise the management on the most appropriate course of action based on the cost efficiency and capability. Cost accounting provides the detailed cost information that management needs to control current operations and plan for the future.

Since managers are making decisions only for their own organization, there is no need for the information to be comparable to similar information from other organizations. Instead, information must be relevant for a particular environment. Cost accounting information is commonly used in financial accounting information, but its primary function is for use by managers to facilitate making decisions.

Unlike the accounting systems that help in the preparation of financial reports periodically, the cost accounting systems and reports are not subject to rules and standards like the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. As a result, there is wide variety in the cost accounting systems of the different companies and sometimes even in different parts of the same company or organization.

I think Hjerl Hede Nature Race is very expensive activitiy because organizing such activities are very expensive. The museum has to invest a good amount of money for that.

Revenue Streams

In business, revenue or turnover is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goodsHYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)" and services to customers. In many countries and states, revenue is referred to as turnover. Some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other fees. Revenue may refer to business income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in amonetaryHYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_unit" unit, received during a period of time.

A revenue stream is a from of revenue. Revenue streams refer specifically to the individual methods by which money comes into a company. Revenue streams may be characterized. For example, a revenue stream has volatility, predictability, risk, and return.

Customers are willing to pay for good service and the betterment of the museum. In the digital world, people would prefer to pay by debit card, visa card, American Express Card rather than in Cheque and cash. Every revenue stream really contributes to the overall revenue because adding each revenue stream together that counts overall revenue. For example, the museum gets some revenue from visitors’ entry fee and some from selling products. Like ways the museum collects total revenue. So, every stream of revenue hugely contributes to the overall revenue.

LA4

Tourism in Australia

Saphal Chamling

Introduction

Australia is a very beautiful country in the world. It might be on the other side of the world, however, the country has some of the most fascinating sites, animals and things to do. From fun in the hip Sydney, to the unspoiled nature in the outback, to the divine Whitehaven Beach and unique pink lake.Tourism is an important industry for the Australian economy. It has been playing an important role in the national economy. The reasons to visit Australia are natural beauty, multicultural society, wildlife experience, appealing climate, ancient aboriginal culture and shopping. Popular Australian destinations are the coastal cities of Sydney and Melbourne, as well as other high profile destinations including regional Queensland, the Gold Coast and the Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest reef. Uluru and the Australian outback are other popular locations. The unique Australian wildlife is also another important point of interest in the country's tourism.

Negative effects

There are many examples of tourism having impacted negatively on the physical environment. Over development along coastal strips has created ecological problems for many of Australia's beautiful beaches. Plants and shrubs have been removed from rainforests to make room for walking trails. Recreational activities such as four-wheel driving have destroyed sand dunes and vegetation, and bottom-trawling in the Great Barrier Reef has had adverse effects on biodiversity. Visitors have dumped non-biodegradable rubbish into previously unspoilt ecosystems, the construction of sea walls and marinas for the benefit of humans has disrupted natural erosion processes of marine and estuarine environments, and the growing presence of humans in remote areas lacking infrastructure has caused significant waste management problems. These are just a few of the negative effects that increased human traffic caused by tourism has had on Australia's natural environment.

Methodology

Australia is one of the most popular destinations for tourists all around the world. Keeping this in my mind, I decided to do my project on Tourism in Australia. In my project, I had to do my project all alone. So, I did not have to discuss with anyone else. Another reason why I chose Tourism in Australia was I have done my previous project about Transportation in Australia as well. Because of that it could be easy for me to do it once again. Researching on internet, I have tried to gather all the information about Tourism in Australia. I hope it would be a good information for tourists whoever want to go to Australia and want to gather a great experiennce in their lives. 

Figur Monthly short term visitor arrivals into Australia since 1976

Monthly long term visitor arrivals into Australia since 1976

Visas

All visitors to Australia need visas besides New Zealanders. For most countries, a full visa is required. People from all European Union and Schengen Countries only apply online for eVisiter authorization. Some Asian countries are also able to apply similar Electronic Travel Autthorisation.

Types of Tourists

 International tourists

Country	2000	2005	2013
New Zealand	817.0	1,098.9	1.115
China, People's Republic of	120.3	285.0	708
United Kingdom	580.4	708.8	624
United States	488.1	446.3	500
Singapore	285.7	266.1	319
Japan	721.0	685.3	298
Malaysia	152.1	166.0	277
South Korea	157.4	250.5	184
Hong Kong	154.1	159.5	181
Germany	143.3	146.5	172
All other countries	1,312.0	1,286.2	1,770
Total	4,931.4	5,499.1	6,147
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

According to Monthly visitors’ departures, the top states for where they spent the most time since 1991 are New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.

New Zealand tourists are a distinctive part of the Australian tourism market. Usually they go taking short package tours which mainly concentrate on the iconic sights like Sydney, Uluru, Gold Coast and Cairns. They also want to see Australian native animals like Kola and Kangaroo.

Backpackers

Another major source of tourists to Australia include backpackers, mostly young people from Western European countries particularly Britain and North America. Spending more time in Australia, these travelers tend to explore considerably more of the country. Many backpackers participate in working holidays enabling them to stay longer in the country. Working holiday visas for Australia are available for those aged 18 to 30 for most Western European citizens, and also citizens of Canada and some developed East Asian nations such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea.

Domestic tourism

Australia has big domestic travelers, with a profusion of seaside resort towns in every state, mountain retreats, plentiful nationalHYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks" parks, rivers, fishing locations, wine growing regions, as well as domestic visitation of the major tourist spots. Domestic Tourism peaks during the Australian school holidays.

Major attractions

Hervey Bay is a popular tourist city with lots of opportunities for whale watching, though there are plenty of other places along the Australian coastline to see whales.

The Great Barrier Reef attracts around two million visitors every year. which is defiantly not good for the natural environment this kills thousands of turtles each year Careful management, which includes permits for camping and all commercial marine tourism within the Great Barrier Reef. Uluru, Parkland Fraser Island are major natural attractions. Uluru won the Qantas Australian Tourism Awards and was named Australia’s best major tourist attraction.

Sydney Opera House

Another attraction that appeals to many tourists is the Sydney Opera House. Shopping and casinos are major draw cards for wealthy Chinese visitors. Wine, indigenous culture and nature tourism also generate travel in Australia.

Tasmania

Tasmania’s grim penal settlement provides something of a crash course in Australia’s colonial history. The setting, ironically, is stunning.

Australia’s wineries

In a nation rich in high-class, picturesque wineries, the Barossa, Hunter and Margaret River regions stand out as some of the finest.

The Great Ocean Road

International car companies regularly shoot their television commercials on Victoria’s stupendously scenic coastal drive.

Kakadu National Park

Of the numerous National Parks, this one is unmissable with its mixture of indigenous flora and fauna along with ancient Aboriginal culture.

Wildflowers in Western Australia

Springtime, beginning in September, is when the countryside around Perth and southern West Australia is awash with technicolour blooms.

Mindil Beach Sunset Market

You can feel the pulse of tropical Darwin while eating, drinking and shopping at this outdoor market.

Major Australian icons for tourists to visit are:

•        Great Barrier Reef

•        Red Centre

•        Great Ocean Road

•        Kakadu

•        The Kimberley

•        Kangaroo Island

•        Byron Bay

•        Tasmanian Wilderness

•        Australian Alps

•        Ningaloo

•        Flinders Ranges

•        Fraser Island

•        Freycinet

•        Gippsland

•        Blue Mountains

•        Namadgi National Park

Conclusion

Overall, Australia is a place in the world that many people from around the world would love to visit because it´s outstandingly beautiful. It has bundles of attractive places to travel around. It has such fascinating native creatures such as kangaroos, koalas and wombats. The land is naturally beautiful and something that you would have never seen before. The city life is also a great reason to go to Australia. It is a known fact that the night-life of Australia is outstanding, with parties and barbecues on the beach; it will be a trip you will never forget. It also plays an important role in national economy and gives opportunities to people in this sector.

Australia is known for its fine beaches and a really hot summer days wherein almost a thousands of tourists have been attracted to. People tend to spend their vacation in this country, not only because of the impeccable sceneries but also for the easiness of applying visa's whether you needed a working, tourist or student visa as long as you're qualified in all requirements.

References

wwwHYPERLINK "http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/uluru". environment.gov.au/parks/HYPERLINK "http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/uluru"uluru

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia

http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-16_u-140_t-417_c-1468/tourism/nsw/tourism/issues-in-australian-environments/geographical-issues-human-elements

http://www.destinationspoint.com/top-10-australian-tourist-attractions/

http://www.insightguides.com/destinations/asia-pacific/australia/top-attractions

http://overyonderlust.com/5-reasons-you-should-visit-australia/